261 Kan. 644
(932 P2d 964)
No. 75,185
STATE OF KANSAS, Appellee, v. MICHAEL L. BORNHOLDT, Appellant.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. In a case where a hard 40 sentence has been imposed, K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4627 obligates the Kansas Supreme Court to consider any errors asserted in the review and appeal and to notice unassigned errors appearing of record if the ends of justice would be served thereby, but it does not require that we treat the record other than as it is presented to us.
2. A trial court has no duty to conduct a hearing before allowing a confession to be admitted into evidence absent some type of objection or motion from the defendant.
3. In the Supreme Court's review of a hard 40 sentence under K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4627, the court's obligation to consider all errors asserted in the review and appeal even though a proper objection was not made below does not require the court to become a finder of fact or to make a determination upon which no record exists.
4. The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment affords the accused the right to cross-examination. A proper and important function of the right to cross-examination is the exposure of the witness' motivation in testifying. Generally, the right to cross-examine witnesses is subject to evidentiary rules, and the trial court has broad discretion in controlling the examination.
5. Error in restriction of cross-examination is subject to a harmless error standard if the reviewing court can declare beyond a reasonable doubt that the error had little, if any, likelihood of changing the result of the trial. However, there are certain circumstances in which the denial of effective cross-examination amounts to a constitutional error of such magnitude that no showing of prejudice is required for reversal.
6. If the findings of the trial court on a motion to suppress evidence are based on substantial evidence, this court on review will not substitute its view of the evidence for that of the trial court.
7. It is a well-known rule of law that an inventory search of a vehicle cannot be valid unless the police first obtain lawful possession of the vehicle. The police must have authorization by statute or ordinance to lawfully impound a vehicle, whether at the station house or other place of safekeeping. If the police do not have express authority to impound a vehicle, they may still take lawful custody of a vehicle when there are "reasonable grounds" for impoundment.
8. Subject to certain exclusionary rules, the admissibility of physical evidence is within the sound discretion of the court and is to be determined by the court on the basis of its relevance and its connection with the accused and the crime charged.
9. When a physical object is offered into evidence and a question arises as to its connection with either the defendant or the crime charged, unless it is clearly irrelevant, the object should be admitted for such weight and effect as the jury sees fit to give it.
10. Acts done or declarations made before, during, or after the happening of the principal fact may be admissible as part of the res gestae where they are so closely connected with it as to form in reality a part of the occurrence.
11. Relevant evidence is evidence having any tendency to prove a material fact. To be admissible, evidence must be confined to the issues but need not bear directly upon them.
12. Evidence of the attending circumstances at the time an accused is arrested, including articles of property which are found in his or her possession, is relevant and admissible where the circumstances logically tend to connect the accused with the crime charged.
13. Error in the admission or exclusion of evidence by the court is not grounds for granting a new trial or setting aside a verdict unless refusal to take such action appears to the court inconsistent with substantial justice. At every stage of the proceeding, the court must disregard any error or defect in the proceeding which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties. When reviewing the erroneous admission or exclusion of evidence, the error is harmless if no substantial right of the defendant is involved.
14. In reviewing a trial court decision regarding the suppression of evidence, an appellate court reviews the factual underpinnings of the decision by a substantial competent evidence standard and reviews the ultimate legal decision drawn from those facts de novo with independent judgment.
15. When deciding whether to exclude eyewitness identifications, the trial court must first determine if the identification procedure was unnecessarily suggestive. If so, then the court must decide whether that identification led to a substantial likelihood of a misidentification.
16. In a criminal action, a trial court must instruct the jury on the law applicable to the defendant's theories for which there is supporting evidence. When considering the refusal of a trial court to give a specific instruction, the evidence must be viewed by the appellate court in the light most favorable to the party requesting the instruction.
17. Under the facts of this case, the trial court was not required to give either an accomplice or an informant instruction because there was no evidence, only speculation and supposition, to support either instruction.
18. The defendant's right to present a defense is subject to the rules of evidence and the case law. The standard of review for a claim of improper exclusion of relevant evidence is whether the trial court abused its discretion in excluding the testimony.
19. When the State relies on direct evidence, circumstantial evidence that someone other than the defendant committed the crime charged is irrelevant in the absence of other evidence to connect such third party with the crime.
Appeal from Sedgwick district court; CLARK V. OWENS II, judge. Opinion filed January 31, 1997. Affirmed.
Michael J. Helvey, assistant appellate defender, argued the cause, and Jessica R. Kunen, chief appellate defender, was with him on the brief for appellant.
David Lowden, assistant district attorney, argued the cause, and Nola Foulston, district attorney, and Carla J. Stovall, attorney general, were with him on the brief for appellee.
The opinion of the court was delivered by
LARSON, J.: Michael Bornholdt appeals his jury convictions of criminal possession of a firearm and first-degree murder with the imposition of a hard 40 sentence for the shooting death of Jon Dreiling.
Factual Background
In the spring of 1993, Jon Dreiling and Eric Day were arrested for drug-related offenses. Dreiling made a deal with the State and agreed to testify against Day in a trial scheduled in September 1993.
In July and August 1993, Bornholdt told his friend Tracy Wheeler that Dreiling was a snitch and did not deserve to live. In July, Bornholdt approached Marian Cunningham and told her that a person involved in a drug case was willing to pay him to kill a State witness in that case. Cunningham claimed Bornholdt asked for her help because he knew the victim and did not want the victim to see his face. Bornholdt wanted Cunningham to distract this person while he shot him, in return for $2,000. Cunningham refused but did not contact the police.
About 4 p.m. on Saturday, August 21, 1993, Dreiling was in his vehicle waiting for a light at the intersection of Harry and Market Streets in Wichita. A man approached Dreiling from the rear and shot him in the back of the head. The man tossed the gun at Kirk Eck, who was stopped one lane over and behind Dreiling's vehicle, saying, "Here, [expletive], hold the gun." The man ran east on Harry, then turned north down an alley in between Market and Broadway Streets, throwing down his T-shirt and a rubber glove as he ran.
Eck described the man as having dirty blond shoulder-length hair, with a white shirt, and wearing shorts with lavender/purple biking shorts underneath. He thought the man had a mustache. Eck saw the man's face from about 3 feet away through an open window for a few moments before being hit in the left cheek by the gun. Police, suspecting Day was the gunman, showed Eck a photo array which contained pictures of six men, including Day, but not Bornholdt. Eck did not identify anyone in the array.
Around the time of the shooting, Lloyd Robinson was routing a stump north of Harry Street in the alley between Main and Market Streets. He saw a jogger running north toward him, whom he described as a white male, 5'10" to 6', slight to medium build, about 160 to 175 pounds, with collar-length sandy or dishwater blond hair, and an unshaven face. That evening Robinson discovered a murder had taken place and called the police, telling them the runner he saw had worn shorts and tennis shoes and had hair pulled up behind, but he did not think the man had worn a shirt.
Other witnesses at the scene included James Krueger, who was Dreiling's boss, and Twila Miller. Krueger was in a vehicle facing the parking lot on the south side of Harry and was preparing to turn north on Market when he heard the gunshot. As he was turning, he saw a man run toward a blue Geo Tracker, toss something inside, and run northward while peeling off a T-shirt. Krueger saw only the back of the man, but described him as Caucasian, around 6', with a wiry build and shoulder-length hair. Krueger told police at the scene that the man wore a T-shirt and purple biking shorts with shorts over them of an unknown color.
Miller was waiting at the intersection of Harry and Market in a Chevrolet Blazer just in front of Dreiling's vehicle. The windows of her vehicle were tinted, and she wore tinted lenses. She saw a man approach the vehicle through her side mirror. She described him as a white male, 5'7" to 5'8", early 20's, about 130 to 135 pounds, with dark brown to black hair and a full beard.
The police found a styrofoam cup, with a lid and straw, on top of Dreiling's vehicle, recovered a gun from the passenger floorboard of Eck's Tracker, and found a white T-shirt with an MCI logo in a yard adjacent to the alley between Market and Broadway. Bornholdt and his former girlfriend had worked at MCI; his girlfriend's MCI T-shirt was missing. A plastic glove and a dark brown to black hair were entangled in the shirt. No fingerprints were recovered from any of these items, and the hair did not match Bornholdt's.
Between 6 and 8 p.m. the evening of the shooting, Bornholdt drove up to Marian Cunningham's home and, while still in his car, told Cunningham: "I did it, I did it." Bornholdt was wearing pink spandex shorts, with faded blue or green shorts over them, and tennis shoes. He was not wearing a shirt and was unshaven. Bornholdt went inside and explained that he had actually shot and killed Dreiling. Cunningham claimed that Bornholdt then reenacted the murder scene in her kitchen. Cunningham testified that Bornholdt told her he had walked up to the driver's window of Dreiling's car, put the gun behind Dreiling's ear, shot him, and then took off running through the alleys, ditching his disguise and gun along the way. Bornholdt said he ran to his car and then drove by the murder scene a few times before driving to Cunningham's home.
Near the end of the following week, Cunningham discovered that a shooting had occurred in the area described by Bornholdt and decided to talk to the police. She identified Bornholdt from a picture. Certain details of Cunningham's story differed from what she initially told the police, from her testimony at the preliminary hearing, and from her trial testimony, but in all three she related substantially the same story previously stated.
After Cunningham had spoken to the police, they showed a photo array to Eck, who picked out Bornholdt as the possible suspect, but asked to see an individual lineup. Eck was not told he had selected correctly. The same lineup was shown to Miller, who was unable to identify anyone, and to Robinson, who said Bornholdt was his choice, but also was not told he had correctly selected the suspect.
On August 30, 1993, while trying to find Bornholdt, the police passed him driving in his car on the street and stopped him. He was transported to police headquarters for questioning, and his car was impounded. The police obtained permission to search his storage unit but were refused permission to search his car. After a short time, Bornholdt terminated the interview, and the police placed him under arrest.
The officers did an inventory search of his car. When they discovered a calculator-type pouch containing drug paraphernalia, the officers placed the pouch back inside, resealed the car, and obtained a warrant to search. They found drugs, drug paraphernalia, clothes similar to those worn by the killer, and a wallet with the name and phone number of Eric Day on papers inside. A search of the storage compartment procured a photograph of Bornholdt wearing a blue T-shirt and a pair of grey shorts over pink spandex shorts.
After Bornholdt's arrest, a live lineup of six people, including Bornholdt, was shown to Eck and Robinson. Eck identified Bornholdt and said he was 50 percent sure of the identification. Robinson chose the person next to Bornholdt, who was an undercover police officer.
Subsequent to the arrest, the police contacted Tracy Wheeler and later spoke to him at his attorney's office. At this time, Wheeler identified the weapon used to kill Dreiling as his missing gun and provided police with a letter supposedly sent to him by Bornholdt. Wheeler deciphered the letter, which he claimed indicated how much money Day owed Bornholdt for killing Dreiling. During this interview, Wheeler also admitted to using drugs and selling drugs to Dreiling. Wheeler has not been charged with any crimes as a result of these admissions or for keeping a firearm within 5 years of his release from imprisonment for a felony conviction.
Almost a year later, police received a packet of letters from Kevin Schaetzle that had been sent by Bornholdt. One letter, dated August 28, 1994, asked Schaetzle to convince a woman to testify that Bornholdt was with her the day of the murder. Bornholdt stipulated that his handwriting appeared on this letter.
In June 1994, Bornholdt was charged with first-degree murder under K.S.A. 21-3401(a) and criminal possession of a firearm pursuant to K.S.A. 21-4204(a)(2). At the preliminary hearing in July, both Eck and Robinson testified and had the opportunity to view Bornholdt. They both later identified Bornholdt with certainty at a hearing on pretrial motions in October 1994.
At the trial in late October 1994, Wheeler and Cunningham testified about Bornholdt's statements to them and admitted they had prior convictions for crimes involving truth or false statements. They stated they did not receive any deals in return for giving their testimony, although a police detective admitted to making a call in an attempt to get Wheeler into a drug treatment program. Eck and Robinson both positively identified Bornholdt at trial as the person they had seen at the crime scene.
The court permitted the State to introduce evidence regarding the drugs and drug paraphernalia and other items found in Bornholdt's car 10 days after the crime. Bornholdt did not testify but did attempt to discredit the eyewitness testimony and to cast doubt on the validity of his supposed statements by attacking the credibility of Wheeler and Cunningham. The court did not permit defense witness DeeAnn Krueger to testify that Dreiling had been frightened of a short Hispanic man named Antonio Guebara. Bornholdt stipulated that he had been released from prison for robbery within 5 years of August 21, 1993.
The jury found Bornholdt guilty of both charges and, after a separate sentencing hearing, recommended a hard 40 sentence on the basis that Dreiling had been killed because of his duties as a witness in a criminal proceeding.
The trial court sentenced Bornholdt to life without parole for 40 years, plus 19 months in prison. Bornholdt raises 11 issues with numerous subissues. We will answer these issues in order, but none, either individually or collectively, show sufficient error to justify a new trial.
Did the trial court commit reversible error in admitting Bornholdt's statements to Cunningham and Wheeler without holding a voluntariness hearing?
The State concedes that Bornholdt's statements to Cunningham and Wheeler and the letter to Wheeler are in effect confessions under K.S.A. 60-460(f) and our holding in State v. Green, 254 Kan. 669, 682-84, 867 P.2d 366 (1994). Bornholdt concedes his counsel did not object at trial to the introduction of this evidence on K.S.A. 60-460(f) grounds or raise any question that his statements were other than voluntarily given.
If this were not a case where a hard 40 sentence had been imposed, this issue would fail because of our rule that in order to raise the admissibility of evidence as an issue on appeal, the record must show a timely and specific objection. K.S.A. 60-404; see McKissick v. Frye, 255 Kan. 566, Syl. ¶ 3, 876 P.2d 1371 (1994). However, because the hard 40 sentence was imposed, our review as mandated by K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4627 requires that we "consider the question of sentence as well as any errors asserted in the review and appeal and shall be authorized to notice unassigned errors appearing of record if the ends of justice would be served thereby." See State v. Collier, 259 Kan. 346, 350, 912 P.2d 597 (1996). This direction does not require that we treat the record other than as it is presented to us, but we take the legislature's statutory direction as obligating us to consider "any errors asserted in the review and appeal."
Because Bornholdt made no objection and did not raise the question of voluntariness at trial, the only issue for us to decide is whether the trial court had the duty to raise such a question on his behalf. We hold that the trial court did not for the following reasons.
Bornholdt relies primarily on K.S.A. 60-460(f), which provides:
"Evidence of a statement which is made other than by a witness while testifying at the hearing, offered to prove the truth of the matter stated, is hearsay evidence and inadmissible except:
. . . .
"(f) Confessions. In a criminal proceeding as against the accused, a previous statement by the accused relative to the offense charged, but only if the judge finds that the accused (1) when making the statement was conscious and was capable of understanding what the accused said and did and (2) was not induced to make the statement (A) under compulsion or by infliction or threats of infliction of suffering upon the accused or another, or by prolonged interrogation under such circumstances as to render the statement involuntary or (B) by threats or promises concerning action to be taken by a public official with reference to the crime, likely to cause the accused to make such a statement falsely, and made by a person whom the accused reasonably believed to have the power or authority to execute the same."
Bornholdt cites State v. Baker, 4 Kan. App. 2d 340, 342, 606 P.2d 120 (1980), in support of his contention that the voluntary nature of a statement must be established by a preponderance of the evidence and that the prosecution bears the burden of proving the statement is voluntary and admissible. However, in the Baker case, the voluntariness issue arose in the context of a motion to suppress a confession, pursuant to K.S.A. 22-3215. No such motion was made herein, nor was there any question but that the statements were voluntarily made by Bornholdt to his friends. Bornholdt cites no authority to support his assertion that the trial court has the duty to raise this issue on its own initiative. Yet, speaking directly on this issue, the United States Supreme Court stated in Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 86, 53 L. Ed. 2d 594, 97 S. Ct. 2497 (1977):
"Respondent also urges that a defendant has a right under Jackson v. Denno, 78 U.S. 368[, 12 L. Ed. 2d 908, 84 S. Ct. 1774] (1964), to a hearing as to the voluntariness of a confession, even though the defendant does not object to its admission. But we do not read Jackson as creating any such requirement. In that case the defendant's objection to the use of his confession was brought to the attention of the trial court . . . and nothing in the Court's opinion suggests that a hearing would have been required even if it had not been. To the contrary, the Court prefaced its entire discussion of the merits of the case with a statement of the constitutional rule that was to prove dispositive--that a defendant has a 'right at some stage in the proceedings to object to the use of the confession and to have a fair hearing and a reliable determination on the issue of voluntariness . . . .' [Citation omitted.] Language in subsequent decisions of this Court has reaffirmed the view that the Constitution does not require a voluntariness hearing absent some contemporaneous challenge to the use of the confession."
Our court followed Wainwright in State v. Miles, 233 Kan. 286, 296, 662 P.2d 1227 (1983), where we held:
"We therefore conclude that Kansas procedure does, consistent with the United States Constitution, require that appellant's confession be challenged prior to or during the trial or not at all. The appellant's failure to request a hearing or timely object to the admission of his confession waives his right to raise that issue for the first time on appeal unless the opportunity to object did not exist."
It is clear that under Miles, a trial court has no duty to conduct a hearing before allowing a confession to be admitted into evidence absent some type of objection or motion from the defendant. 233 Kan. at 295-96.
Our obligation under K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4627 to consider all errors asserted in the appeal even though a proper objection was not made below does not require us to become finders of facts or to make a determination upon which no record exists. Collier, 259 Kan. at 360.
Our holding in Miles is in no way undermined or altered by the obligation we recognized in Collier. The central issue remains whether the trial court was required on its own initiative to commence a hearing on voluntariness. Miles clearly states that it was not. The Kansas Supreme Court, along with the United States Supreme Court, has found no injustice in requiring defendants to raise the issue of voluntariness of their confessions at trial. Additionally, there is no showing of clear error in the admission of Bornholdt's confessions. To the contrary, nothing in the record suggests these statements were other than voluntarily given. This issue is without merit.
Did the district court commit reversible error in preventing Bornholdt's cross-examination of Wheeler about drug activities to establish the witness' motive and bias?
In State v. Rinck, 256 Kan. 848, 854, 888 P.2d 845 (1995), we noted:
"The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment affords the accused the right to cross-examination. [Citation omitted.] A proper and important function of the right to cross-examination is the exposure of the witness' motivation in testifying. [Citation omitted.] Generally, the right to cross-examine witnesses is subject to evidentiary rules, and the trial court has broad discretion in controlling the examination. [Citation omitted.]
"Error in restriction of cross-examination is subject to a harmless error standard if the reviewing court can declare beyond a reasonable doubt that the error had little if any likelihood of changing the result of the trial. [Citation omitted.] However, there are certain circumstances in which the denial of effective cross-examination amounts to a constitutional error of such magnitude that no showing of prejudice is required for reversal. [Citation omitted.]"
Bornholdt wanted to explore Tracy Wheeler's motivation and bias for testifying by cross-examining him about his drug use and sales to the victim. In a defense proffer, a detective testified that Wheeler admitted to possessing and using cocaine, selling marijuana, and possessing the murder weapon. Other than his statements to the police, there was no evidence against Wheeler, although he did not dispute making the statements. Wheeler said he was concerned with telling the truth and he did not receive any benefits in exchange for his statements.
After the defense proffer, the court held:
"Regarding Tracy Wheeler's cross-examination, I think the drug usage is too remote, this alleged use of drugs or sale of drugs to the victim, any fear that he would have had of being prosecuted over his information that he gave to Detective Relph, that it is too remote to indicate that this witness would have had any concern about the potential charges coming out of his information."
The court did allow full cross-examination about Wheeler's link to the gun and whether he had been offered any deals for his cooperation. Defense counsel also fully cross-examined the detective about investigating Wheeler's incriminating statements regarding his possession of a firearm.
The present case appears to be similar to Rinck, 256 Kan. 848. There, Rinck argued he should have been allowed to cross-examine a juvenile witness about the amount of prison time the juvenile could have received had he been tried as an adult. We found that unlike State v. Humphrey, 252 Kan. 6, 845 P.2d 592 (1992), Rinck had been permitted to cross-examine the witness about his plea bargain and the witness had acknowledged that his juvenile punishment was a "slap on the wrist" compared to prosecution as an adult. As the trial court had not completely foreclosed cross-examination about the nature of the deal struck in Rinck, we ruled that even if the court had abused its discretion (which we did not appear to find), any error would have been harmless.
Here, the trial court allowed the defense to cross-examine Wheeler about whether a deal had been struck. Testimony was elicited that the detective had attempted to make some calls to get Wheeler into a drug treatment program, even though Wheeler's attorney was the person who eventually obtained his treatment. The court allowed full cross-examination as to the possession of the gun used to kill Dreiling and the possibility of charging Wheeler with possession of a firearm within 5 years of being released from prison for a felony conviction. Bornholdt presented no evidence indicating the State possessed any evidence other than Wheeler's admissions on which to base any charges against him.
Under all the circumstances, it cannot be said that the trial court unreasonably limited cross-examination. Even if any undue limitation were present, Cunningham's testimony, the eyewitness identifications, the defendant's attempt to pay a woman to give him an alibi, his presence near the scene of the murder, and the physical evidence linking him with the crime would all insure that any error would be harmless. We are not prepared to hold that the cross-examination was unduly limited, but even if we did, it would not be sufficient to change the result at trial. See State v. Davis, 256 Kan. 1, 17-18, 883 P.2d 735 (1994).
Did the trial court commit reversible error by denying Bornholdt's motion to suppress evidence found in the search of his car?
"If the findings of the trial court on a motion to suppress evidence are based on substantial evidence, this court on review will not substitute its view of the evidence for that of the trial court." State v. Anderson, 259 Kan. 16, 18, 910 P.2d 180 (1996).
Bornholdt contended at the trial court level that the search of his car cannot be supported by the legal grounds of a search incident to arrest or an inventory search. He believes the search was improper because he was nowhere near his car when arrested as required by K.S.A. 22-2501. He also claims the inventory search was illegal because it concealed an investigatory motive and because the car had been unlawfully impounded.
The State does not argue this was a permissible search incident to arrest, although at the time Bornholdt was apprehended, the police knew that two witnesses had tentatively identified him; that he had admitted the killing to Cunningham, who had accurately described how the murder occurred; and that Bornholdt lived out of his car. Our main focus, however, is on whether this was a permissible inventory search, as this is the State's principal justification for introducing the items found in the vehicle. Officers testified it was police procedure to inventory impounded vehicles in order to protect the police from claims of lost or stolen property. The testimony indicated the police carefully followed this procedure until they discovered evidence of drug crimes, and then they obtained a search warrant. The trial court agreed the inventory search was proper and stated the police could also have searched incident to the arrest. When the evidence was being introduced, defense counsel made a continuing objection.
All of the evidence indicates that police procedures were properly followed and that the police conducted a clearly proper inventory search. Substantial evidence supports the trial court's decision that the inventory search was justified. See State v. Grissom, 251 Kan. 851, 907, 840 P.2d 1142 (1992). Yet, for the first time on appeal, Bornholdt also argues his automobile was unlawfully impounded. This argument would not normally be considered because it was not raised below, State v. Ji, 251 Kan. 3, 17, 832 P.2d 1176 (1992); however, we will consider the issue because of our K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4627 obligation as recognized in Collier.
There is no evidence that Bornholdt's car was improperly impounded. In State v. Teeter, 249 Kan. 548, 550-51, 819 P.2d 651 (1991), we reviewed the laws regarding inventory searches of impounded vehicles, stating:
"Under the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, a search and seizure of evidence obtained without a warrant issued upon probable cause is 'per se unreasonable . . . subject only to few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.' [Citation omitted.] Inventory searches of vehicles lawfully impounded have been recognized as one of these few exceptions. [Citation omi