State v. Ammons

1
NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 119,531

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

ANTHONY A. AMMONS,
Appellant.


MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; TERRY L. PULLMAN, judge. Opinion filed September 13,
2019. Affirmed.

Carol Longenecker Schmidt and James M. Latta, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for
appellant.

Matt J. Maloney, assistant district attorney, Marc Bennett, district attorney, and Derek Schmidt,
attorney general, for appellee.

Before BRUNS, P.J., MALONE, J., and STEVEN E. JOHNSON, District Judge, assigned.

PER CURIAM: Anthony A. Ammons appeals his convictions for kidnapping,
aggravated robbery, and criminal possession of a weapon by a convicted felon. He claims
the trial court committed several errors and insufficient evidence supported his conviction
for kidnapping. For reasons we explain below, we disagree with Ammons and affirm the
district court.

2
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On an evening in August 2016, Rafael Valenzuela was working at a Subway in
Wichita. After closing the store around 10 p.m., Valenzuela was taking out the trash
when an individual with shoulder length hair wearing a red shirt, white cap, and a blue
and grey glove approached him. The man asked him if he had anything to eat, and
Valenzuela told him he had nothing for him.

The man pulled up his shirt, showed Valenzuela a revolver tucked into his
waistband, and then pulled out the revolver a few seconds later. The man said, "[I]f you
don't have anything to eat, then give me the money." Valenzuela told the man he did not
have any money and asked what he wanted him to do. The man told Valenzuela to go
inside the store. Valenzuela led the man, who placed the gun back into his waistband, into
the store to the cash register. When they reached the cash register, the man pointed the
gun at Valenzuela and asked him to put the money—about $250 to $300 in bills and
change—in a Subway sandwich bag. Valenzuela complied. The man told Valenzuela
twice that if he did not hurry up, he would shoot him. The man also took an empty wallet
that a customer had left at the Subway. After taking the money and empty wallet, the man
left the store through the back door. Valenzuela immediately called 911 to report an
armed robbery. He stayed at the register while making the call, watching on a
surveillance camera screen and through the drive-thru window as the man left.

Officers from the Wichita Police Department later found and arrested Ammons in
a skate park near the restaurant. Ammons told one officer that he found the wallet,
Subway bag, and revolver in the skate bowls and "thought he just got lucky." Ammons
also told the officer that when he arrived at the skate park, a man who matched the
description of the individual who had robbed the Subway "popped out" of one of the
skate bowls and ran toward the railroad tracks to the east.

3
The State ultimately charged Ammons with kidnapping in violation of K.S.A.
2016 Supp. 21-5408(a)(2), a severity level 3 person felony; aggravated robbery in
violation of K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5420(b)(1), a severity level 3 person felony; and
criminal possession of a weapon in violation of K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6304(a)(2), a
severity level 8 nonperson felony.

The district court held a three-day jury trial in February 2018. Several witnesses
testified at trial on the State's behalf, including Valenzuela and officers from the Wichita
Police Department. The State admitted several exhibits at trial, including surveillance
video from the Subway the night of the robbery, some items worn and used by the
suspect that officers found nearby, and photographs taken by a forensic investigator.
Valenzuela testified that State's Exhibit 30 appeared to be the same revolver the man used
that night.

After the State rested, Ammons moved for judgment of acquittal, arguing that the
State failed to make a prima facie showing that he committed the crimes charged. The
trial court denied the motion, finding that a rational finder of fact could fairly conclude
that Ammons was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of all crimes charged.

Ammons declined to testify or present any evidence in his defense. He then
renewed his motion for judgment of acquittal, citing the same grounds as the previous
motion. The trial court denied the renewed motion, finding that there was substantial and
competent evidence on which a rational fact-finder could rely to conclude guilt on all the
charges.

The trial court instructed the jury on the kidnapping charge in Instruction No. 6:

"In Count 1, the Defendant, Anthony A. Ammons, is charged with Kidnapping.
The defendant pleads not guilty.
4
"To establish this charge, each of the following claims must be proved:

"1. The Defendant took or confined [Valenzuela] by force or threat;
"2. The Defendant did so with the intent to hold [Valenzuela] to facilitate
flight or the commission of any crime.
"3. This act occurred on or about the 6th day of August, 2016, in Sedgwick
County, Kansas.

"The State must prove that the defendant committed the crime intentionally. A
defendant acts intentionally when it is the defendant's desire or conscious objective to do
the act complained about by the State or cause the result complained about by the State.

"The Defendant is charged in Count 1 with alternative means of committing this
crime, i.e. by 'took' or by 'confined'. The difference involves an element of the completed
crime.

"You must decide each alternative separately on the evidence and law applicable
to it, uninfluenced by your decision as to the other alternative charge.

"The Defendant may be convicted on or acquitted on any or all of the alternative
means charged in Count 1, and your findings as to each alternative must be stated in a
verdict form signed by the Presiding Juror."

During deliberations, the jury sent a note to the trial court asking: "What is the
legal definition of took and confined vs simply took and confined separately?" After
conferring with counsel, the trial court responded with a typewritten note—signed by the
district judge, the prosecutor, and Ammons' defense counsel—that stated: "The Court
cannot give a 'legal definition' of 'took' or 'confined.' They are ordinary words and should
be given their ordinary meaning. Please re-read instruction No. 6 and refer to the Verdict
Form."

5
The jury found Ammons guilty of kidnapping based on "took," guilty of
aggravated robbery, and guilty of criminal possession of a weapon by a convicted felon.

The day after trial, Jama Mitchell, Ammons' defense counsel, filed a motion for
new trial referencing the motion for judgment of acquittal that the trial court denied at
trial. Two weeks later, Ammons filed a pro se motion to dismiss based on an alleged
violation of his speedy trial rights, but the trial court did not schedule a hearing on the
motion.

One month after the trial, Ammons filed a pro se motion for new counsel,
referencing two pro se motions the clerk's office inadvertently had forwarded to Mitchell.
Ammons claimed that counsel was ineffective and that he was entitled to conflict-free
counsel to be appointed in the prosecution of his motions. Ammons requested that

"new counsel should be afforded the opportunity to not only adopt his motions for New
Trial and Judgment of Acquittal, but supplement said pleadings, due to the delay in
bringing motions before the court [that] further demonstrates Ms. Mitchell's
ineffectiveness, that defendant had since complained about in his complaint filed with
this court on December 4, 2017. (see attachment)"

Rather than attaching a copy of the pro se motions that he claimed had been
inadvertently forwarded to his attorney instead of being filed, Ammons attached a copy
of a different pro se motion he filed two months before trial, titled "Complaint." In that
motion he explained his dissatisfaction with Mitchell's representation, claiming that she
failed to keep him reasonably informed about the status of his case in a way to allow
Ammons to make informed decisions. He also alleged that Mitchell failed to provide
timely access to discovery documents, took his legal matters lightly and acted as if his
case was of no importance, and neglected his case. The trial court set the motion for
hearing on March 23, 2018.

6
Within the next week, Ammons filed two more pro se motions. One requested that
the trial testimony be reduced to writing for the appeals process, and the other was
another motion to dismiss based on an alleged violation of his speedy trial rights. The
trial court clerk's office forwarded the motion for trial testimony to Mitchell but
scheduled a hearing for April 13, 2018, on the renewed motion to dismiss.

The next week, Ammons filed a pro se motion requesting a hearing on his motion
for new counsel on or before March 30, 2018. He objected to the continuance of that
hearing from March 23, 2018, without his consent and reiterated his displeasure with
Mitchell for the unprofessional handling of his case. The trial court forwarded this motion
to defense counsel.

The trial court considered Ammons' pro se and counselled motions at a sentencing
hearing on March 30, 2018. The trial court began that hearing by summarily dismissing
all pro se motions that did not directly request appointment of new counsel based on the
doctrine that a defendant is not entitled to hybrid representation under State v. McKessor,
246 Kan. 1, 12, 785 P.2d 1332 (1990). The trial court explained that Ammons' pro se
motion for new counsel referenced pro se motions filed on February 16, 2018, which
were not reflected in imaging.

The trial court then asked Ammons to explain the reasons for his dissatisfaction
with Mitchell and how Mitchell had failed to keep him reasonably informed to allow him
to make reasonable requests for information. Ammons responded that Mitchell told him
the State had definitive proof of DNA evidence on a firearm involved in the aggravated
robbery in this case but that his review of the relevant paperwork showed the DNA
evidence was inconclusive. He claimed Mitchell intentionally misled him by telling him
the State had definitive proof connecting him to the charged crimes.

7
When the trial court asked Ammons about the conflict of interest between him and
Mitchell, he responded that "she was not working with me at all. As she would say, she
was busy. She was . . . overbooked. She had a lot of cases." Ammons concluded by
requesting a new trial, and the trial court explained that Mitchell had filed a motion for
new trial on his behalf.

Upon questioning, Mitchell explained that she had inadvertently placed a lab
report from another case involving Ammons into the case file, which led her to believe
that the lab report belonged to the current case even though the State presented no DNA
evidence at trial. Noting her response, the trial court explained that "the real standard" to
consider would be "whether that newly discovered evidence is of such material
significance that it is likely to cause a different result at retrial." The trial court
summarized the evidence presented by the State at trial, including the surveillance video
of the robbery, and found that "even if that DNA result had been submitted to a jury, [it]
fail[ed] to see how it could have possibly caused a jury to give a different verdict." The
trial court ultimately denied Ammons' pro se motion for new counsel as well as Ammons'
counsel's motions for new trial and judgment of acquittal.

When the trial court moved on to sentencing, Ammons objected to several of his
prior convictions, arguing the State failed to prove those entries on his presentence
investigation report. The trial court continued the hearing to allow the State to verify his
prior convictions.

Before the next sentencing hearing, Ammons filed a pro se motion to reconsider
the dismissal of counsel, which the trial court orally denied at the final sentencing hearing
by adopting its prior rulings. The trial court found Ammons' criminal history score to be
A based on three prior person felonies and sentenced him to concurrent prison terms of
221 months on the kidnapping charge, 55 months on the aggravated robbery charge, and
7 months on the criminal possession of a weapon by convicted felon charge.
8
Ammons timely appeals.

I. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR WHEN RESPONDING TO A JURY QUESTION?

For the first time on appeal, Ammons asserts that the trial court erroneously
responded to the jury's questions. Ammons contends that this court should reverse his
conviction for kidnapping because the trial court's response to a jury question was legally
incorrect and did not provide a meaningful response. The State's response is twofold.
First, the State argues that Ammons invited any error in the trial court's response by
affirmatively agreeing to the response given, thereby precluding review by this court.
Second, the State argues the response given by the trial court was not erroneous or an
abuse of discretion. We will address the invited error question first.

A. Ammons invited the error.

Under K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-3420(d), after receiving a question from the jury
during deliberations, the trial court shall notify the parties of the contents of the question
and provide an opportunity to discuss an appropriate response while the defendant is
present. Any written jury question, the court's response, and objections shall be made part
of the record. The record reveals the trial court complied. There was no transcript of the
discussion about the jury's question included in the record on appeal. But once the trial
court was back on the record and Ammons was present, the trial court explained its
position and asked if defense counsel agreed that the explanation was the substance of
their conversation, to which she responded affirmatively. Then the trial court asked if
counsel agreed that was what the court should send to the jury, and defense counsel again
responded affirmatively. The trial court's typewritten response contained Ammons'
defense counsel's signature.

9
The State contends Ammons did more than merely acquiesce. His counsel
responded affirmatively when asked if "that's what should be sent to the jury."

"Whether the doctrine of invited error applies presents a question of law" over
which this court exercises unlimited review. State v. Hankins, 304 Kan. 226, 230, 372
P.3d 1124 (2016). A litigant may not invite error and then complain of the error on
appeal. State v. Verser, 299 Kan. 776, 784, 326 P.3d 1046 (2014).

Kansas appellate courts have consistently declined to address challenges similar to
Ammons' based on the invited error doctrine. See State v. Bruce, 255 Kan. 388, 397, 874
P.2d 1165 (1994) (refusing to consider merits of challenge to jury question response
when defense counsel agreed on record to ultimate response given by trial court); State v.
Cramer, 17 Kan. App. 2d 623, 632-33, 841 P.2d 1111 (1992) (same), rev. denied 252
Kan. 1093 (1993).

In State v. Adams, 292 Kan. 151, 254 P.3d 515 (2011), the Kansas Supreme Court
applied the invited error doctrine on similar facts. In that case, the court noted that even
though the record did not conclusively show Adams' presence during the discussion
about a jury question, Adams invited any error in the trial court's response because
defense counsel had agreed in open court and signed the typewritten response. 292 Kan.
at 164-65. In contrast, our Supreme Court found the invited error doctrine did not apply
where the record showed that defense counsel only "suggested" a possible response
without expressing "unequivocal approval." State v. Lewis, 299 Kan. 828, 855, 326 P.3d
387 (2014).

Here, the record shows that Ammons' defense counsel gave "unequivocal
approval" on the record, in Ammons' presence, to the response given by the judge and
signed the typewritten response. Accordingly, we find the invited error doctrine prevents
us from considering any erroneous response to the jury question.
10
However, to avoid this result, Ammons argues in his reply brief that the trial
court's response amounts to structural error that overrides the application of invited error,
warranting full review of this issue on the merits. Structural errors, he claims, are so
intrinsically harmful that automatic reversal is required. According to Ammons, if the
trial court's response was erroneous, then we must presume that the error brought about a
"'necessarily unquantifiable and indeterminate'" consequence on the jury's verdict. See
State v. Calderon, 270 Kan. 241, 253, 13 P.3d 871 (2000).

Ammons correctly notes that the invited error doctrine does not apply when a
constitutional error is structural. See State v. Logsdon, 304 Kan. 3, 31, 371 P.3d 836
(2016). But the list of structural errors recognized by our courts is limited. Typically, the
errors involve constitutional rights that are so central to the trial framework that the
denial of these rights would '''infect the entire trial process'" and thus "'defy analysis by
"harmless-error" standards.'" See Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 8, 119 S. Ct. 1827,
144 L. Ed. 2d 35 (1999); Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 309, 111 S. Ct. 1246, 113
L. Ed. 2d 302, reh. denied 500 U.S. 938 (1991). Not all constitutional errors are
considered structural, and the United States Supreme Court has outlined several
instructional errors that it has held to be nonstructural, including "instructing a jury as to
an invalid alternative theory of guilt, omitting mention of an element of an offense, or
erroneously instructing the jury on an element." United States v. Marcus, 560 U.S. 258,
264, 130 S. Ct. 2159, 176 L. Ed. 2d 1012 (2010). If erroneously instructing the jury on an
element is not structural error, then the trial court's response to refer to the jury
instructions cannot be structural error. For these reasons, we find the invited error
doctrine applies and the error claimed is not a structural error. Ammons has failed to
properly preserve this issue.

11
B. The response given by the trial court was not erroneous.

Even if Ammons had not invited the error, we find the response to the jury's
question was not erroneous or an abuse of discretion. Ammons argues that the trial court
should have provided a response in accordance with State v. Buggs, 219 Kan. 203, 547
P.2d 720 (1976), and that failure to do so resulted in an erroneous response. The State
argues that providing the Buggs language to the jury in response to its question would not
have been proper even if Ammons had requested it at trial.

When a defendant claims error in the trial court's response to a jury question, we
first conduct de novo review to determine whether the trial court provided an erroneous
response to the jury's question then review the sufficiency of the response for an abuse of
discretion. The response "constitutes an abuse of discretion when no reasonable person
would have given the response, the response includes an error of law, or the response
includes a factual error." State v. Walker, 308 Kan. 409, 423, 421 P.3d 700 (2018).

Here, the jury instruction given for kidnapping closely followed the Pattern
Instructions for Kansas (PIK). See PIK Crim. 4th 54.210 (2018 Supp.). The Kansas
Supreme Court "'strongly recommend[s] the use of PIK instructions, which
knowledgeable committees develop to bring accuracy, clarity, and uniformity to
instructions.'" State v. Butler, 307 Kan. 831, 847, 416 P.3d 116 (2018).

In Buggs, 219 Kan. at 216, our Supreme Court held that to be kidnapping, the
taking or confining to facilitate a crime (1) must not be merely incidental to the other
crime; (2) must not be inherent in the nature of the underlying crime; and (3) must have
made the underlying crime substantially easier to commit or substantially lessened the
defendant's risk of detection. However, our Supreme Court previously found a trial court
does not err by failing to include additional language from Buggs along with the pattern
12
instruction for kidnapping. State v. McKessor, 246 Kan. 1, 11, 785 P.2d 1332 (1990);
State v. Nelson, 223 Kan. 572, 573, 575 P.2d 547 (1978).

Ammons argues that while giving only the PIK appropriate instructions may not
be error, the trial court erred by responding to the jury's question to give "took" and
"confined" their ordinary meanings because those terms take on additional significance in
the context of prosecution for a kidnapping charge and, therefore, it was erroneous not to
respond with the Buggs analysis. However, if a trial court can properly omit the language
in Buggs from the jury instructions even when requested by a party, see McKessor, 246
Kan. at 11, then we find no error when that language is omitted from a response to a
question from the jury seeking clarification of an instruction.

The PIK committee does mention Buggs in the comments to the recommended
kidnapping pattern instruction but omits any definitions of "taking" or "confinement."
See PIK Crim. 4th 54.210. Given that the PIK committee continues to recommend this
instruction without defining those terms—and the Legislature has never incorporated the
Buggs language into the statute—it cannot be said no reasonable person would have
given the same response as the trial court.

When we find no error in the response given to a jury question, it follows that the
trial court did not abuse its discretion for giving it. The trial court's response was not
unreasonable and was not an error of law amounting to an abuse of discretion. We find
no reversible error on this issue.

II. WAS THERE SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT A CONVICTION FOR KIDNAPPING?

Ammons contends that the State presented insufficient evidence to show that a
"taking" or "confinement" occurred that was independent of the aggravated robbery to
support that element of the kidnapping charge.
13
A defendant need not challenge the sufficiency of evidence before the district
court to preserve the issue for appeal, so Ammons' challenge is properly before us. See
State v. Farmer, 285 Kan. 541, 545, 175 P.3d 221 (2008). When a criminal defendant
challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction,

"'the standard of review is whether, after reviewing all the evidence in a light most
favorable to the prosecution, [we are] convinced a rational factfinder could have found
the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. [We] do not reweigh evidence, resolve
evidentiary conflicts, or make witness credibility determinations.' [Citation omitted.]"
State v. Chandler, 307 Kan. 657, 668, 414 P.3d 713 (2018).

To the extent that resolving a sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge turns on issues of
statutory interpretation, we exercise unlimited review because statutory interpretation is a
question of law. See State v. Collins, 303 Kan. 472, 473-74, 362 P.3d 1098 (2015).

Ammons challenges his conviction for kidnapping under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-
5408(a)(2), which provides: "Kidnapping is the taking or confining of any person,
accomplished by force, threat or deception, with the intent to hold such person . . . to
facilitate flight or the commission of any crime." The jury specifically found Ammons
guilty of kidnapping based on the alternative means of a "taking," so the "confinement"
element and its interpretation are not at issue in this appeal.

We again refer to our Supreme Court's holding in Buggs, 219 Kan. at 216:

"[I]f a taking or confinement is alleged to have been done to facilitate the commission of
another crime, to be kidnapping the resulting movement or confinement:

(a) Must not be slight, inconsequential and merely incidental to the other crime;

(b) Must not be of the kind inherent in the nature of the other crime; and

14
(c) Must have some significance independent of the other crime in that it makes
the other crime substantially easier of commission or substantially lessens the
risk of detection.

"For example: A standstill robbery on the street is not a kidnapping; the forced
removal of the victim to a dark alley for robbery is. The removal of a rape victim from
room to room within a dwelling solely for the convenience and comfort of the rapist is
not a kidnapping; the removal from a public place to a place of seclusion is. The forced
direction of a store clerk to cross the store to open a cash register is not a kidnapping;
locking him in a cooler to facilitate escape is. The list is not meant to be exhaustive, and
may be subject to some qualification when actual cases arise; it nevertheless is illustrative
of our holding." (Emphases added.)

The Buggs court held that "a taking and confinement to 'facilitate' the commission
of [a] robbery" had occurred when the defendant accosted an employee in a Dairy Queen
parking lot then forced her inside the restaurant at gunpoint, where he robbed her and
raped her. 219 Kan. at 216-17. Further, the fact that a taking occurred—not the
"particular distance of removal"—supplied the necessary movement to support a
kidnapping conviction. 219 Kan. at 214. That said, it was unnecessary for Buggs to move
the victim to complete the robbery because the victim had the money with her in the
parking lot. But because the movement and confinement also served to substantially
reduce the risk of detection of both the robbery and the rape, a kidnapping occurred. 219
Kan. at 216-17.

Relying on Buggs, Ammons claims there is insufficient evidence to find that the
taking was more than incidental to the underlying offense. Because moving Valenzuela
from just outside the back door of the store to the cash register inside the store was
incidental—and inherent—to the commission of the aggravated robbery, Ammons
reasons his kidnapping conviction should be reversed because the evidence showed the
"taking" was not independent of the aggravated robbery.

15
The State agrees that the test set out in Buggs applies but argues that
overwhelming evidence supports Ammons' kidnapping conviction. The State asserts that
Ammons was only able to successfully complete the robbery by forcing Valenzuela into
the store after being told he had no food or money outside the restaurant. We agree.

Cases in the wake of Buggs provide some guidance about whether a taking or
confinement in the course of an aggravated robbery rises to the level of a kidnapping. For
example, moving a robbery victim from room to room, thereby "enlisting the assistance"
of the victim "in finding and retrieving money" is a kidnapping. State v. Richmond, 258
Kan. 449, 453, 904 P.2d 974 (1995); see also State v. Shobe, No. 87,307, slip op. at 10,
unpublished opinion filed February 21, 2003 (applying Buggs and finding movement and
confinement of victims to kitchen facilitated in commission of robbery).

Ammons also cites for support State v. Kemp, 30 Kan. App. 2d 657, 46 P.3d 31,
rev. denied 274 Kan. 1116 (2002), in which multiple defendants committed a home
invasion and armed robbery. During the robbery, a defendant moved a victim from the
living room to a hallway and then to a bedroom where others were confined, while
another defendant robbed other victims at gunpoint. The Kemp panel held there was
insufficient evidence to support a kidnapping conviction, finding in part that "[t]he
movement had no significance independent of the robbery." 30 Kan. App. 2d at 661.

Here, it would be difficult to say the movement had no significance independent of
the robbery, and a review of the evidence in the light most favorable to the State reveals
that the taking was more than incidental to the aggravated robbery. Ammons first
approached Valenzuela while he was taking the trash out after closing the restaurant and
asked for food. At this point, no crime had yet occurred. Valenzuela told him the
restaurant was already closed and he had no food to give him. Ammons then showed the
revolver and asked for the money, thus beginning his criminal actions. At this point only
an attempted aggravated robbery of Valenzuela would have taken place because
16
Valenzuela told Ammons he did not have any money on his person outside. The
"movement" occurred when Ammons ordered Valenzuela into the restaurant, forced
Valenzuela to lead him to the cash register, and commanded Valenzuela to collect its
contents into a sandwich bag. Once Ammons took the money-filled bag from Valenzuela,
an aggravated robbery of the Subway had occurred. The questions then become: Was
this movement sufficient evidence for a jury to find it was not inherent in the nature of
the defendant's underlying crime? Did this movement make the defendant's underlying
crime substantially easier in commission or substantially lessen the defendant's risk of
detection? See Buggs, 219 Kan. at 216.

Ammons argues this situation is akin to the example articulated in Buggs: "The
forced direction of a store clerk to cross the store to open a cash register is not a
kidnapping: locking him in a cooler to facilitate escape is." 219 Kan. at 216. We find the
events here to be more akin to Richmond because Ammons forced Valenzuela to enter the
restaurant, led him to the cash register, then directed Valenzuela to put the money into a
bag. A rational fact-finder could conclude that Ammons was "enlisting the assistance" of
the victim "in finding and retrieving money." See Richmond, 258 Kan. at 453.
Valenzuela's forced movement had a "significance independent of the other crime in that
it makes the other crime substantially easier of commission." See Buggs, 219 Kan. at 216.

It is noted, unlike in other cases, the movement here did not serve the purpose of
reducing detection. The only evidence to suggest efforts to reduce detection is that after
being denied food and money outside—in a place of public view—Ammons forced
Valenzuela into the closed Subway—less subject to public view. Only one of the two
Buggs elements is required: "that it makes the other crime substantially easier of
commission or substantially lessens the risk of detection." 219 Kan. at 216.

After viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, there was
sufficient evidence presented that a rational fact-finder—the jury—could conclude as it
17
was instructed on the law by the trial court that Ammons was guilty of a kidnapping. As a
result, we affirm his conviction for kidnapping.

III. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR BY DENYING AMMONS' MOTION FOR A NEW
ATTORNEY?

Ammons contends the trial court erred by denying his pro se motion for a new
attorney. He argues the trial court abused its discretion by failing to construe this posttrial
motion as one requesting a new trial and to appoint conflict-free counsel and by failing to
investigate fully whether trial counsel was ineffective. The State responds that the trial
court properly denied Ammons' motion after conducting a full and appropriate inquiry
into trial counsel's effectiveness.

The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as applied to the states
through the Fourteenth Amendment, guarantees a criminal defendant the right to conflict-
free counsel at every critical stage of the proceedings, including at a hearing on a timely
motion for new trial. See K.S.A. 22-4503(a); State v. Sharkey, 299 Kan. 87, 96, 322 P.3d
325 (2014). However, a defendant is only entitled to new counsel if he or she can
demonstrate "'justifiable dissatisfaction'" by showing a conflict of interest, an
irreconcilable disagreement, or a complete breakdown in communication. State v.
Pfannenstiel, 302 Kan. 747, 759-60, 357 P.3d 877 (2015). When the trial court learns
about a possible conflict of interest between a defendant and his or her counsel, "'the
court has a duty to inquire further. . . . [A] district court abuses its discretion when it
makes no inquiry into the nature of the conflict. [Citations omitted.]'" Sharkey, 299 Kan.
at 96-97.

"Pro se pleadings are liberally construed, giving effect to the pleading's content
rather than the labels and forms used to articulate the defendant's arguments. . . . Whether
the district court correctly construed a pro se pleading is a question of law subject to
18
unlimited review." State v. Kelly, 291 Kan. 563, 565, 244 P.3d 639 (2010). A defendant
must file a motion for new trial—other than on grounds of newly discovered evidence—
within 14 days of the verdict. K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-3501(1). The trial court may extend
the 14-day deadline, but otherwise the deadline is mandatory. See State v. Holt, 298 Kan.
469, 479, 313 P.3d 826 (2013).

Ammons claims that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to liberally
construe his March 15, 2018 pro se motion for new counsel as a timely motion for a new
trial based on ineffective assistance of counsel. He also contends that because the record
indicates he attempted to file a motion for new trial within the 14-day time limit, he was
entitled to the assistance of conflict-free counsel on that motion.

According to the record on appeal, Ammons' counsel filed a motion for new trial
and a motion for judgment of acquittal on February 16, 2018—the day after trial.
Ammons then filed a pro se motion for new counsel on March 15, 2018. Even though
Ammons claims he filed a pro se motion for new trial on the same day, no such motion
appears in the record. At a hearing, the trial court denied both motions filed by Ammons'
counsel, denied Ammons' pro se motion for new counsel, and—even though no such
motion appeared in the record—issued an order denying a pro se motion for new trial
filed on March 15, 2018.

Counsel's motion for new trial was filed the day after the jury's verdict and thus
was well within the 14-day timeline. This timely filed motion for new trial did not
include an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. If it had, Mitchell would have been
arguing her own ineffectiveness; thus her interests would have certainly conflicted with
Ammons' interests, and the district court should have appointed new counsel in that
instance. See Sharkey, 299 Kan. at 98.

19
Ammons filed his pro se motion for new counsel on March 15, 2018, more than 14
days after his February 15, 2018 conviction. Regardless of its contents, Ammons clearly
filed the motion outside the 14-day mandatory filing deadline, so the motion would have
been untimely even if construed as Ammons now requests. See Holt, 298 Kan. at 479. As
a result, the trial court did not err by failing to construe Ammons' pro se motion for new
counsel as a timely motion for new trial.

However, as the Sharkey court explained:

"[A]n untimely motion is considered under K.S.A. 22-4506, which applies to collateral
attacks on a conviction. In such a case, a trial judge 'may determine that the motion, files,
and records of the case conclusively show that the movant is entitled to no relief, in
which case [the judge may] summarily deny the motion without appointing counsel.' The
determination of whether the motion presents substantial questions of law justifying the
appointment of counsel '"rests within the sound discretion of the trial court."' [Citations
omitted.]" 299 Kan. at 95.

The trial court's duty to appoint new counsel would attach only if the motion raised
substantial questions of law or triable issues of fact, which we review for an abuse of
discretion. See State v. Schumacher, 298 Kan. 1059, 1069, 322 P.3d 1016 (2014).

In his motion, Ammons generally alleged ineffective assistance and referred to a
previously filed "Complaint" that contained conclusory allegations against Mitchell. At
the hearing, Ammons articulated only two complaints: (1) His counsel intentionally
misled him by misrepresenting a DNA lab report and (2) his counsel was unable to work
with him on his defense because she was too busy. Mitchell admitted to a mix-up
involving the DNA lab report but did not otherwise argue for any position adverse to
Ammons' interests. The trial court allowed Ammons to explain his dissatisfaction with
Mitchell's representation, and the trial court considered whether a mistaken DNA lab
20
report had any effect on the jury's verdict, thus fulfilling its duty to inquire into the
alleged conflict. See Sharkey, 299 Kan. at 96.

Ammons failed to demonstrate the existence of a conflict of interest amounting to
justifiable dissatisfaction. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying his
motion for new counsel.

IV. DID THE TRIAL COURT VIOLATE AMMONS' SIXTH AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT
RIGHTS BY ALLOWING JUDICIAL FACT-FINDING OF HIS PRIOR CONVICTIONS?

Ammons contends that the State failed to submit his prior convictions to a jury or
prove them beyond a reasonable doubt, violating his Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment
rights under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 477, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435, 120 S. Ct.
2348 (2000). He acknowledges the Kansas Supreme Court's decision rejecting this very
claim in State v. Ivory, 273 Kan. 44, 44-45, 41 P.3d 781 (2002), but seeks to preserve the
issue for federal review. As the State correctly notes, we are duty bound to follow Kansas
Supreme Court precedent, absent any indication that it is departing from its previous
position. See State v. Hall, 298 Kan. 978, 983, 319 P.3d 506 (2014). We therefore reject
Ammons' contentions that the State must submit his prior convictions to a jury and prove
them beyond reasonable doubt.

In summary, we find no error by the trial court and affirm Ammons' convictions
for kidnapping, aggravated robbery, and criminal possession of a weapon by a convicted
felon.

Affirmed.